Death and Afterlife in Ancient Egypt Essay

Throughout the ancient world, it was commonly believed that individuals survived in some form after death. From earliest times, people laid out and drink for dead relatives and performed rituals on their behalf. In many places, people shared communal meals with the dead. These practices were meant to ensure the well-being of the deceased and also to soothe the spirits of the dead and to protect the living from their displeasure (Taylor). The great exception to common ancient beliefs about the afterlife was provided by ancient Egypt. Here life was imagined to follow the cyclic pattern of nature. The sun-god Re and the god Osiris exhibited a pattern of death and resurrection. The transition to the afterlife required certain rituals. The body had to be preserved through mummification, to serve as the basis for the life of the spirit. To reach the realm of the dead, the deceased required special knowledge. From a relatively early period, there was also a judgment, symbolized by the weighing of the heart in a balance. In Egypt we find what are probably the earliest foreshadowings of hell: a place where unrighteous people are subjected to torments and â€Å"the second death (Johnston). † Death The Egyptian approach to the problem of death and the afterlife was the most optimistic solution ever elaborated until their time. The end of life, death, was simply unacceptable. This reflected their optimistic nature, their love of the body and the joys it procured, a contrario to the Hindu solution to the problem of death which reflected a pessimistic nature and the rejection and destruction of the body. Death was intolerable for the Egyptians; it was desirable for the Hindus. Perhaps, above all, the Osirisian revolution represented the highest point of optimism and hope reached in the ancient world the evolution (from the sixth century BC) of Zoroastrian/Hebrew/Christian resurrection/afterlife concepts. Death posed such difficult problems for man that it took over 60,000 years or more, the interim between the Neanderthals and the Egyptians, to come up with radically new ideas and launch a new trajectory of wishful thinking and illusion which would eventually lead to the inventions of Paradise and Hell based on morality and the final judgment and final destiny of all mankind. Egypt, probably largely independently and right from the start of the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100-2868 BC), innovated, made major breakthroughs and may have exercised significant influence on other peoples in the search for the solution to the problem of death. What had somehow occurred in Egypt was a fabulous bringing to fruitition of all of man’s imaginative efforts and abstract reasoning concerning death. The Egyptians sketched out and invented a new type of afterlife aimed at permanently defeating death (Najovits). Mummies of Ancient Egypt In the modern mind no single type of artifact from the ancient world excites more interest that the Egyptian mummy and no other kind of object is considered more typically Egyptian. The very word mummy brings to mind a host of associated ideas – the Egyptian belief in life after death, the seemingly pervasive concern with the notion of death, and the elaborate preparations that were made for it. It is well to state at the outset that religious beliefs made it necessary to preserve the dead, and what it seems a preoccupation with death was actually the outgrowth of a love of life and an attempt to prepare for a continuation in the next world of life as it is known in this. A considerable literature, much of it of a speculative nature, has grown up around the modern interest in the process of mummification. In recent decades the progress of science has done much to dispel earlier misconceptions, but many of these have become firmly fixed and die hard. The process of mummification is still considered to be a ‘lost art’ by many who would rather remain content with an intriguing mystery than be disappointed with a simple explanation. The process was the result of a continuous development based on trial and error and observable results. The details of technique can now be discussed with some confidence and accuracy (Taylor). Through the use of various physical/surgical and chemical processes, the Egyptians devised artificial means to preserve corpses. The process of mummification was introduced very early in Egypt’s dynastic history, in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. Even before then, the Egyptians must have noticed that the hot, dry sand of the desert often desiccated and preserved bodies without any artificial processes. A variety of techniques evolved over many centuries to conserve the bodies of Egypt’s nobility; these included removing the internal organs, soaking the body in natron, and wrapping it tightly in linen. When Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century he documented the mummification methods that were still known, even though the art and science of embalming was not important as it had been earlier (Monet). Afterlife The origins of an afterlife, Paradise and Hell are enveloped in considerable obscurity. At least sixty thousand years ago, the Neanderthals imagined phenomena which did not necessarily exist or certainly did not exist. Perhaps based on their experience of dream life, they seem to have imagined the existence of an afterlife, invented ritual burial for entry into the afterlife, and possibly believed in the existence of the soul. Even if we can have no exact idea of what the afterlife meant for the Neanderthals, the decoration of some dead bodies and the inclusion of foods, goods, weapons and ornaments in their graves, clearly indicate that they believed that life somehow did not end with death that as aspect of life, or a spirit, continued. The seeds of Paradise, the concepts of immorality or consolation, or paradisiacal reward, for the first life, are already at least potentially contained in such a view. However, the Neanderthals and all other peoples at least until Egyptian times seem to have sought solutions to death which were not explicit (Najovits). The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt If you say the word â€Å"pyramid,† most people will think of ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians built many famous pyramids. The pyramids were created by the ancient Egyptian civilization, which began about 5,000 years ago. The pyramids were built to serve in the afterlife. These serve as staircases for the dead pharaoh to ascend in the sky, funerary practices involving rituals, spells and amulets and techniques designed to facilitate entry into the afterlife and protection and well being once there. Ancient Egyptians believed that each person had a spirit, or ka, that lived on after the person died. A person’s most important task during their lifetime was to prepare for life after death. Rulers and wealthy people built tombs to be homes for their kas. The earliest tombs were simple structures that resemble large benches. Then, around 2750 B. C. , King Zoser built the first pyramid. It was not a true pyramid. It looked like giant steps, so it became known as the Step Pyramid. King Snefru built the first true pyramid about 150 years later. The Great Pyramid of Giza, the largest of the Egyptian pyramids, was built nearly 4,500 years ago and stands 481 feet (147 m) high. It is located in northern Egypt near the city of Cairo. The Great Pyramid of Giza was built to be the grave for King Khufu. Pyramids provided a place where a king’s body could safely pass into the afterlife. Many great riches were held rooms within the pyramids. The ancient pyramids are engineering marvels. We still don’t know exactly how they were built. We do know that their construction required impressive knowledge of math. We can learn more about the pyramids and the people who built them by using our math skills to study the most famous Egyptian pyramid – the Great Pyramid (Down). From the Old Kingdom to the beginning of the New Kingdom, kings were buried in pyramid tombs, comprising a massive superstructure of stone or mudbrick with adjacent mortuary temple or chapel. In the New Kingdom, the pyramid ceased to be a royal prerogative, and small brick pyramids were incorporated into private tombs (Taylor). Works Cited: Down, David. â€Å"The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt. † Creation Magazine 26. 4 (2004): 44-49 pp. November 13, 2007 . Johnston, Sarah Iles. Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide. Harvard USA: Harvard University Press, 2004. Monet, Jefferson. â€Å"An Overview of Mummification in Ancient Egypt. † Tour Egypt (2005). November 13, 2007 . Najovits, Simson R. Egypt, Trunk of the Tree: A Modern Survey of an Ancient Land. New York: Algora Publishing, 2004. Taylor, John H. Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press, 2001.

Ancient Athens The Prototype for Western Democracy Essays

Ancient Athens serves as a beacon within Western antiquity as the center for culture with its cultural advancements impacting the culture of today. Founded nearly 9,000 years ago, Athens formed itself as the center of Greek culture and education during the classical period. Considered the prototype for Western Democracy, it allowed for the rise of a citizenship of voters, something unique in the ancient world. The Athenian love of physical activity culminated in the Olympics, an event that though ended by the Roman Empire, inspired the Olympics of the modern era. Though Athens was later conquered by the Roman Empire, it still served as the center of culture until its ultimate collapse in the 6th century AD via the Eastern Roman Empire.†¦show more content†¦In 600 B.C.E. polis, also known as city-states were mostly ruled by a small group of wealthy land owners . An increasingly rough terrain and increased importing of goods pushed most small, independent farmers into debt, wi dening the gap between the minority of wealthy land owners and the majority of the poorer local farmers. Social dispute ensued as more and more farmers were forced to sell their farms to cover their mounting financial debt. A free-thinking statesman and land owner, Solon, was elected to create a reform of laws that would later set the stage for democracy. His reform included an assembly of 400 men, drawn by lottery, to vote on new laws and serve as a jury; abolishing the rule of the wealthy. Women and foreigners were excluded from this lottery, as citizenship in Athens was determined by bloodline, not land ownership. Under this new reform of laws, slavery for agricultural debts was terminated, as was the incurring debt of farmers. During this assembly, current laws were constantly under review and revision, and new laws were voted on and passed by popular vote. City officials were also elected and dismissed, court trials, and appeals were also conducted by citizen vote. The assembly was held monthly, with citizens rotating in and out with each new lottery. This new system equalized the power between the wealthy and poor social classes. A laterShow MoreRelatedAthenians and Spartans : Difference in Values1369 Words   |  6 PagesHow and why did the values of Athenians differ from that of the Spartans? Ancient Greece provided the rudiments of Western civilisation; it has had a colossal influence on language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and arts. In the following several pages I hope to demonstrate explicitly, the bold differences between the two provinces, and to suggest the relativity, of Ancient Greece conventions, to modern times. In doing this I will bring upon wars, economic stances, and mostRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Figure C3.1 portrays how new-product development projects were organized at ORION. Project management was limited only to the design and development of the new product. Once the final design and prototype were completed, they were turned over to manufacturing for production and delivery to the customer. A fourperson management team oversaw the completion of the project and their responsibilities are briefly described here: †¢ Project manager—responsibleRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesfamily meals, praying together, etc.). 4. Have you understood type questions? 1. State whether true or false? Marketing is defined as both a philosophy and set of activities. 2. KY Systems is a company that uses computers to generate new product prototypes. It has generated loyal business clients by providing the best customer suppo rt in the industry. The company also provides direct sales consultation that gives its salespeople intimate knowledge about what exactly its customers want. This partnershipRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCourtesy of Personnel Psychology. 56 CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS SKILL LEARNING Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness For more than 300 years, knowledge of the self has been considered to be at the very core of human behavior. The ancient dictum â€Å"Know thyself† has been variously attributed to Plato, Pythagoras, Thales, and Socrates. Plutarch noted that this inscription was carved on the Delphic Oracle, that mystical sanctuary where kings and generals sought advice on matters of greatest

Teenage Pregnancy Prevalence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 972 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Teenage Pregnancy Essay Did you like this example? Teenagers are young people between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Around 1.2 billion people ,or 1 in 6 of worlds population ,are adolescents A (WHO,2018). Most teenagers are healthy, but there is still significant premature injury, illness, and death among them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Teenage Pregnancy Prevalence" essay for you Create order the main cause of this problems is the unhealthy practice during this period, such alcohol or tobacco use, lack of physical activity, unprotected sex, exposure to violence, and early pregnancy. All of this problems can affect their ability to grow and develop to their full potential, and can threaten not only their current health but also their health as adults, and even the health of their future children, for this they are one of the vulnerable group. Adolescent pregnancy is defined as a teenage girl, usually between the ages of 13-19, becoming pregnant (Akella, Jordan, 2014). Early pregnancy and its complication considered as the second cause of death for 15-19-year-old girls (WHO,2014). Although they face as other women the same pregnancy-related issues. they become at higher risk, because they are one of the vulnerable group and their body is not fully developed to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth. In addition, the critical social issues which they are faces. Teenage pregnancies are a global problem, that occurs all over the world in high, middle and low income countries. But most of the time its occurs in marginalized communities, where the poverty, lack of education and lack of opportunity of employment are widespread (WHO,2018). Teenage pregnancy prevalence Around 1 million girls under 15 years give birth yearly mostly in low- and middle-income countries(WHO,2018). In 2010, public spending for teenage births results around $9.4 billion (National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2014). The occurrence of teenage pregnancy differs dramatically between different countries. depending on cultural factors, female education, religion, and access to contraceptives. The teenage birth rate according to WHO estimation is 11% of total birth around world, and the majority of these are from low- and middle- income. According to The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) report between 2006-2015, The adolescent birth rate in the world per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19, is 51 birth, 18 birth in more developed region ,56 birth in less developed region, and 109 at the least developed region, around 20,000 girls under age 18 give birth daily in developing countries, which equal to 7.3 million births a year (UNFPA,2017) In the US, at 2015, a whole of 229,715 babies was born for adolescents women, and at 2016 the number of adolescent birth decreased to 209,480 births (National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2016). In 2017 the birth rate was 22.3 per 1,000 women in 10-19 years age group(CDC,2017). It was estimated that the rates of teen pregnancy are 20 times higher in developing countries than the ones reported in developed countries (UNFPA,2017). In Egypt the rate of teenage pregnancy ranges from 4.1% in urban societies to 11.3% in rural areas (Abbas, Ali, Ali, Fouly, Altraigey, 2017). In Jordan, the rate of teenage marriage was 10.6% in 1990 and dropped to 6.3% in 2012 (Khader, Batieha, Al-Hader, Saad,2017). And in 2015 the percent was raised again to reach 18,1%, which equal 414353 case of early marriage. The percent of teenage marriage before the 18 year between 2010 and 2015 was 15.1%, the highest percent was in al-Mafraa 24.5%, followed by Al-Zarqa with 18.8% and then Irbid with 17.7%. T he remaining nine governorates did not exceed the national level, with rates for the rest of the governorates ranging from 13.3% (HPC,2017). One of the causes of this rising in adolescent birth was related to Syrian refuges entrance to Jordan. Among the cases of early marriage in 2015 which mentioned before there were 11.6% Jordanian case, and 43.7 % were Syrian (JNCW,2015). The rate of teenage marriage among the Syrian women were 33.2% in 2010, and this percent increased to 43.7% in 2015. The highest percent was in Al-Balqaa 51.7%, followed by Al-Tafela 50% (DOS,2015). Teenage pregnancy factors High incidence of teenagers pregnancy related to a myriad of factors, that are closely linked to culture and norms. In addition to the main factors which are mutual between most countries regardless to the cultures, such as, early sex and marriage, low contraceptive use, low educational levels, low socio-economic status, lack of knowledge of reproductive and sexual health, gender inequity, and physical/sexual violence(Kaphagawani, Kalipeni, 2017). According to systematic review conducted in 2014 over seven countries in south Asia, the main risk factors of teenage pregnancy in this area are socioeconomic factors, low education attainment, culture and family structure (Acharya, Bhattarai, Poobalan, Teijlingen Chapman. 2014). The low education level lead to increase the teenage pregnancy, Conversely, teenage pregnancy increases the school dropout (De Witte, Cabus, Thyssen, Groot, van den Brink, 2013). Thirty percent of teenage girls who dropout of high school cite pregnancy or parent hood as a primary reason(NCSL,2017). By increasing of the birth rate the school dropout percent will increase too (Marcotte, 2013). In Jordan around 66.7% of Jordanian teenage women and 69.3% of Syrian teenage women are in primary education. And this mean there opportunity to have good job with high income will decrease. 1.3% of teenage women have job, and 45.3% of their husband have job, 32.9% dont have job, and 10.1% dont have fixed job (DOS,2015). That mean these families will enter the poverty cycle And by decrease the socioeconomic status ,monthly income, the incidence of adolescent pregnancy increases (Penman-Aguilar, Carter, Snead, Kourtis, 2013). In Jordan and according to HPC survey, the main causes for early marriage among Jordanian and Syrian families, and Palestinian and Syrian refugee, were poverty and the elimination of the girls economical liability, frequent study failure, the girls honor protection, TV programs and the social media (HPC,2017) There is a lot of factor increase the incidence of teenage pregnancy among the Syrian refugees in the al-Zaatari camp, such as the inability of the women a nd girls to make a decision about their reproductive health. Because the parents percept they have the right to marry off their daughters against their will, and the husband decides when to have children on behalf of his wife (Sahbani, Al-Khateeb, Hikmat, 2016).

Accounting Essay - 2662 Words

1. A brief history of the two organisations, and their objectives, in as far as they relate to accounting practices regionally and/or internationally, as necessary. 1.1 European Union (EU) 1958 - EU was formed following by the Treaty of Rome Global trading has impacted the treaty to develop standards that support unrestricted market activities internationally. Uniformed accounting standards are required regionally to encourage the capital flow, enhance stakeholders’ protection, and increase the comparability and reliability of companies’ financial information (Donnelly, 2007). 1970 and 1980- EU establishes the foundation of Accounting Harmonisation through company law The purpose of EU is to construct the common business†¦show more content†¦The comparability will remove the general confusion about the reliability of international financial reports. Van de Tas (1988) pointed up that it would be beneficial for Stakeholders who are loaded with tremendous business information. Comparability in the international accounting harmonisation will contribute more relevant information that may promote the productiveness of the financial markets, which will enhance the quality of Fair Value Accounting figures (Barlev and Haddad, 2007). As emphasised by Nair and Frank (1970) that the distinctiveness of the accounting practices could constitute barriers to the international publication of accurate financial data. Comparability of international and national standards could improve the credibility of the financial information provided by the entities of the public sector worldwide (Otavova, 2011). 4 2.3 Increase the confidence of stakeholders In harmonisation, the preparation of financial statements is presented and directed toward a wide range of users with the common financial information. Therefore, it could reduce the complications for stakeholders in comparisons of the annual reports and cost of capital will ultimately decrease. 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The Political Effects of the Vietnam War on 1960’s Pop Culture Free Essays

string(56) " role in the evolution of the 1960’s pop culture\." Tie Die, JFK, The Beatles, Drugs, Peace, Love, Dr. Martin Luther King, Woodstock, Go-Go Boots, Civil Rights, and Vietnam. When we say any of these words we think of the 1960’s. We will write a custom essay sample on The Political Effects of the Vietnam War on 1960’s Pop Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 1960’s were a landmark in history remembered for effecting pop culture. What lead to such a dramatic change? In the 1950’s the style was scarves, poodle skirts, and letter sweaters. The popular music was about teenage boyfriends and girlfriends. Then there was the 1960’s. Could we have foreseen that people would wear mini skirts? Could we have foreseen that women would burn their bras in protest? Could we have foreseen that music would take a huge turn toward lyrics of peace, drugs, and mainly rock and roll? Probably not. What could have happened that would change American pop culture so much? There were many events that took place in the 1960’s that had an affect on American citizens. The death of John F. Kennedy surprised and upset many Americans. However, the Vietnam War had the most profound effect on American pop culture. The Vietnam War changed music, fashion, and overall attitudes. Because of the Vietnam War and the undertones of the civil rights movement, 1960’s pop culture significantly impacted our nation in a way that will be remembered for many years to come. 2Szymanski The Vietnam War still effects many people. Today, Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome is commonly associated with veterans of the Vietnam War. (Berk 346) During the 1960’s there was an Anti-War movement that evolved from the Freedom of Speech Movement. This movement began on college campuses and spread cross-country. (Radical Times) The Antiwar Movement took place because people didn’t understand why American soldiers were in Vietnam. People wanted the soldiers brought home. The Freedom of Speech Movement easily converted to the Antiwar Movement because of the similarity. People felt that this was not right and the issue was of such great importance that it needed to be addressed. I feel that the Antiwar Movement was successful and important because it did bring a lot of change to the nation. This change was both political and pop cultural. The Freedom of Speech Movement had limited success. In fact, the Antiwar Movement as well as the protests had a large effect on the endi ng of the Vietnam war. (Radical Times) In conjunction with the Antiwar Movement was the Civil Rights Movement. This event is commonly associated with Dr. Martin Luther King. However, the movement initially began with Rosa Parks and her ability to stand up for what she wanted, a seat toward the front of the bus. (Radical Times) At the time of the Black Civil Rights Movement a group called the Black Panthers evolved. This group arose as a militant group of young black men led by H. Rap Brown who risked his life to register blacks to vote in 1966. (USA Today) The difference between these civil rights groups is that Martin Luther advocated power through non-violence, whereas the Black Panthers promoted violence as a means to gain political footholds. (USA Today) For the African 3Szymanski American race there was a lot of momentum gained in the 1960’s and there was a lot of ground made politically. The impact of these movements was phenomenal. The Antiwar Movement changed the dress, the music, and the style of nearly all college campuses in the United States. When a person would walk past a college dormitory there would be peace signs hung in windows. (Radical Times) The statement made was seen across America. A wonderful example of the effects of the Antiwar Movement on society is shown in Forrest Gump. There is a scene in which the audience sees an anti protest. The people there epitomize the effect that this had on pop culture. The clothes they wore and the music they listened to exemplifies the profound influence this had on the nation. The Civil Rights Movement is one that also made a lot of headway during the 1960’s. The assassination of Martin Luther King had a profound effect on the American Society. This event impacted all races. Martin Luther King stood for the feeling of that time. His emphasis on peace was one that effected the entire nation. (Carroll 173) Martin Luther King Jr. is a symbol of harmony, human understanding, tolerance, unity, justice and brotherhood-for every generation. (Albright) Now that we have explored some of the political events that took place in the 1960’s, we will explore some major changes in pop culture and how those relate to the political events in depth.The Antiwar Movement had a significant influence on the pop culture of the 1960’s. This effect was shown through both music and fashion. The term â€Å"flower children† emerged from the anti war protesters. (Radical Times) They stood for peace love and harmony. They were the first to make tie die and hip huggers extremely 4Szymanski popular. They also had a large influence on the â€Å"natural look†. Women without bras or makeup and men with long hair and grown out facial hair. Prior to the antiwar movement, appearance was valued when one was neat and cleanly. (Walley) The pop culture of the 1960’s was changed through the antiwar movement and one of the facets of pop culture changed was music. The following lyrics are from a popular song about the antiwar movement. â€Å"Come on people now, smile on your brother, everybody get together, try to love one another right now.† (Forrest Gump) Popular artists such as the Beatles, Cat Stevens, and even the Righteous Brothers wrote music that inspired antiwar protesters and became associated with them. Further in this paper there will be information on Woodstock, a musical and historical event associated with the Anti War movement. The Antiwar Movement was not the only political event to have an effect on pop culture. Although the impact from the Antiwar Movement is seen the most the civil rights movement did have an important role in the evolution of the 1960’s pop culture. You read "The Political Effects of the Vietnam War on 1960’s Pop Culture" in category "Papers" The Black Civil Rights Movement did have an effect on American Society. The effect of this was not seen as much on pop culture, but it was there. The true effect is shown in the dramatic increase of popularity in rhythm and blues. Prior to rhythm and blues, jazz music was associated as â€Å"black music.† It wasn’t played very much on the radio. However, in the 1960’s more black artists emerged. The Black Civil Rights Movement heavily effected music. Toward the end of the 1960’s African American 5Szymanski styles emerged as popular. â€Å"Afros† were a common and popular hairstyle. (NetFirst) The music styles of Jimmy Hendrix as well as many other African American artists became known as legendary. (SixtiesMusic.com) Albeit, the civil rights movement and the political ground it gained, put African American styles of fashion and of music in the American pop culture arena. As touched on before, the effect of politics (namely the Vietnam War ) had a significant influence on the fashion of that time. A feeling of the need for freedom†¦of expression and speech swept over the nation. Because of this feeling, people expressed themselves not only through words of protest and actions of protest, but through their clothing. This was the countries way of expressing themselves without saying a word, but through what they wore. As shown in an analytic pop culture web site, â€Å"Fashion is never just about clothes, but attitude and expression as well. Up until about 1967, fashion had reflected a period of discover for youth; fun-loving, outrageous and colorful.†(Sixtiespopdiary. -fashion) So, what were these fashions that were about â€Å"attitude and expression?† Miniskirts (and even later micro skirts), caused moral outrage and were one of the first dramatic styles to come out in the 1960’s. Later, a sloppy look became popular with T-shirts and sandals. Skintight pants also became popular, even so as a unisex article. (Sixtiespopdiary-fashion) The world was changing as fast as the fashions. In a personal opinion, looking back on this time of a political whirlwind, fashion was just as confusing as the world was. In this subject having to with politics and society, Woodstock is able to show the political influence on pop culture in one single event. In a mere 3 days, 6Szymanski thousands of people and influential artists were able to almost spontaneously put on one of the most historically significant pop culture events ever. The hippie look was dominant. Rock and roll and music of expression were the dominant sounds. A feeling of freedom was dominant. In one event, the world expressed the feeling of an era. (Interview) Today, the world of pop culture hails this event by trying to repeat it. Much to the dismay of many, the event cannot be repeated. The later generation looks at the event and realizes that this event was one of expression without even knowing the political events of that time. The Woodstock Music and Art Fair in August of 1969 remain a legend even today. The spontaneous event captured a generation’s good feelings. Ironically, there were nearly as many Americans at Woodstock as there were in Vietnam. (Interview) Woodstock took place for 3 short days and there was a lot of rain. People didn’t care about the rain, food, or bathrooms. â€Å"No one wanted to let the essence or the aura go. Halfway through an era of bad news, in the middle of a horrible war, barely a year after the wrenching, terrifying assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy, an entire, desperately wished -for era of good feeling was compressed into a single place and time. That compression produced a corresponding intensity of wonder and delight.† (Interview) The reason for Woodstock is well understood. However, it amazes me that such a spontaneous event could have such an unbelievable turnout. 7Szymanski Jimi Hendrix was one of the most influential musicians associated with Woodstock. It was there that he played his rendition of the â€Å"Star Spangled Banner.† Jimi’s rendition was considered a brutal insult in its time. It was said that it sounded like a â€Å"blasted seizure of the national anthem.† (Interview) However, today Hendrix’s national anthem is popular. When Hendrix performed this there were approximately 30,000 people left at Woodstock. His performance was spontaneous. It was described as â€Å"†¦his great No to the war, to racism, to whatever you or he might think of and want gone. But then that discord shattered, and for more than four and half long, complex minutes Hendrix pursued each invisible crack in a vessel that had one been whole, feeling out and exploring and testing himself and the music against anguish, rage, fear, hate, love offered, and love refused. When he finished he had created an anthem that could never be summed up and that would never come to rest.† (Interview) In summary, because of the Vietnam War and the undertones of the civil rights movement, 1960’s pop culture significantly impacted our nation in a way that will be remembered for many years to come. Throughout the nineties, the hippie look became a popular style as a way of expressing ourselves. Popular artists have redone music from the sixties. For example, Natalie Merchant has recently redone the popular sixties hit â€Å"Peace Train.† The movie Forrest Gump, which is a summary of both the political and pop culture America in the sixties, won best picture in 1994. Even today, the sixties are a political and pop cultural landmark for the nation. Does this say that the sixties were a period of more turmoil and more change than other decades? Does this say that the fashion change more dramatically and rapidly than 8Szymanski other decades? Personally, I feel this decade did. From an outlook of a person who did not live during that time or during the time of many other decades, that decade stands out far above many others. Many political and pop culture figures are remembered and recognized by all ages today. In this era, the politics and pop culture overlap. To think that politics affected Americans so much that politics changed people’s perspectives is remarkable, even profound. The death of Kennedy and Martin Luther King had a devastating influence over an entire nation. Yet, everyone soon focused on that feeling of freedom and love. This roller coaster of emotions had a roller coaster of an affect. Has any other decade changed a nation so much and so fast? How to cite The Political Effects of the Vietnam War on 1960’s Pop Culture, Essays

Telstra Australian Telecommunication information organization and McKi

Question: Compare and critically review two business reports of Telstra Australian Telecommunication information organization and McKinsey Quarterly. Answer: Introduction The business report are evaluated for breaking the information provided on the basis of rationale, important key aspects, techniques and further findings or conclusion of the proposed report. Moreover, any un-discussed facts can be identified that are mentioned in the report. In the current report, sustainability aspects of Telstra which is an Australian Telecommunication information organization will be discussed. On the other hand, business strategy will be highlighted which is proposed by McKinsey Quarterly. Therefore, all the relevant aspects will be reviewed in order to understand the feasibility of the report published by the organizations to know whether it is fulfilling its purpose or not. Summary and Analysis of the Report Content Analytical Summary of main findings The main purpose of the report of Telstra was to bequeath with the information relating to issue of sustainability towards the industry which will be effective for the business to make investment decision. The report has been developed following the standards of industry and sustainability such as Global Reporting Initiative G3 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, UN Global Compact Communication on Progress and Account Abilitys AA100 Principles Standard 2008 and Telecommunications Sector Supplement. On the other hand, sustainability scorecard section discusses about the major performance indicators score gained in 2012-2013. Therefore, the scores have been compared with last two period performances. Further, the sustainability section explained the steps adopted for performing the business in ethical way in order to develop more effective work environment and provide more efficient service to customers. Moreover, the company made commitments to majorly focus on the aspects of sustainability. Therefore, in commitment and approach part, all the important commitments formulated at start of 2012-2013 were outlined in lieu with the approaches adopted to attain it. On the other hand, it has been understood that environmental leadership, employee involvement and linking each strategy are the major center which will help in developing a value for the company and for stakeholders too. Moreover, the engagement of shareholders explains about the major stakeholders associated with Telstra. The stakeholders are customers, government, employees, Australian Communities, industry, suppliers, union and media. Further, the key issue part discusses about process for prioritizing aspect of sustaina bility and challenges possessed by organization. The initiative relating to voluntary assurance and sustainability policy has been mentioned in transparency and accountability part. In the case of McKinsey Quarterly, the first heading of the report discuss about the changes in the business strategy that has been studied over the years. Moreover, the framework of strategy has been mentioned and the way the industries are diversifying their strategy to match up the environmental or market changes. On the other hand, what are the expectations of the industries from the strategy has been outlined so that it can provide large benefit to the business and personally. Apart from that, social side relating to strategy has been outlined which focus on the importance of non-rational issues in planning the strategy. Therefore, this particular report revolves around the strategies in order to align and organize the business and gain higher benefit from the market and getting competitive advantage over other business. Strengths and usefulness of report A sustainability report will turn effective if the report comprises sustainability performances in regards to negative and positive inputs of the reporting institution over the specific period (Bovee and Thill, 2013). Therefore, in case of Telstra report provides all relevant information about their commitments and approach adopted by them to attain commitments. Moreover, they also mentioned the top priorities and problems they faced last year. Therefore, it can be mentioned that report provides balanced information which be taken as strengths of report. Further, the report included all the materiality aspects along with environmental sustainability, innovation and product use, community involvement, stakeholder engagement, etc. On the other hand, in context to priorities, involvement of employee in report was one top priority of Telstra. Moreover, the environmental leadership and building connection with other individual Australian is other priority to be sustainable. The report of Telstra has included the major industry standard and sustainability standard to meet their goals. Therefore, all the above mentioned points are strength of the sustainability report presented by the Telstra. Apart from that, the building a strategy report requires mentioning all the relevant information to largely benefit the company or individual. The report of McKinsey Quarterly effectively mentioned the phases of changes in the strategies that took place over the years. Moreover, the report discussed the importance of tools and frameworks for the leaders to formulate the winning strategies. The different industries example has been outlined to provide understanding of the adopted strategy and changes in the followed up strategy. Therefore, it helps in clear insight of the strategies and understanding the importance of building strong strategies for future as well as current benefit (Kaufman, 2012). On the other hand, the number of professor has pointed their thoughts regarding strategy frameworks for meeting the environment changes by adopting advanced tools and frameworks. The importance of Michael Porters five forces has been mentioned in the report so that readers can focus on it b efore formulating strategies. Apart from that, role of globalization, urbanization, technologies, etc has significant impact on strategy change. Therefore, it has been clearly outlined in the report. Thus, the all above discussed points are major strengths of the report and need for strategy and development of new framework is valuable for the business growth. Weakness or limitations of the report The sustainability report issued by Telstra includes certain strengths but there are some limitations which arise in the report. The sustainability report that is published by Telstra involved the aspects of stakeholder engagement but the report only mentioned the stakeholders that are associated with the organization. The report fails in explaining the procedure for engaging the different stakeholders within the activities of the company. On the other hand, the report did not provided sufficient information to have a clear understanding regarding the perspective of the each stakeholder within the operation of organization. Therefore, it can be discussed that from the viewpoint of the external individual that sustainability report is less feasible for them (Harzing et al. 2013). Apart from that, the sustainability report did not supply enough information in context to distribution channel and in utilization by the end consumers. Furthermore, the Telstra sustainability report did not highlighted effectively on the issues relating to social responsibility. Therefore, it can be considered that due to such limitation the report lacks some feasibility. Apart from the report of Telstra, the report of McKinsey Quarterly holds strengths along with some weaknesses which limit the acceptability of the report to some extent. The report mentioned about the strategy practice but it did not explained in brief manner to have clear understanding that what strategy practice should be adopted to gain higher benefit (Farley and Smith, 2012). On the other hand, the report is not arranged effectively which is difficult to have effective insight of the report. Apart from that the view from the different professors are not aligned which makes difficult to understand what they are saying. The report mentioned about the frameworks and core concepts of strategy but it did not provide any example so that better view or knowledge can be gained from it. Moreover, the report talks about the business strategy but there is no mentioned about the process of developing an effective strategy. Therefore, the above mentioned points are some limitations that are a ssociated with the report of McKinsey Quarterly. Conclusion From the whole report, it can be understood that preparing a report is critical task. The sustainability report of Telstra has been prepared by following the standard of industry along with the standard of sustainability. On the other hand, the different components have been outlined in the particular report in order to explore the sustainability aspect of the company in long term. Apart from that, report of McKinsey Quarterly discuss about the business strategy and its transformation over the time in the organizations. The report involved number of professors to present their viewpoint about the strategy and frameworks for the strategy. Both the provided report includes strength as well as some limitations which tell about their feasibility. Apart from that, overall material in both the reports provided effective information whether it is related to sustainable practice or business strategy practice. The report provided valuable information to the users of report and they can make d ecision on the basis of report. Moreover, the limitation associated in the both the report can be addressed easily as they are not a great issue. Therefore, the report publishing organizations has to provide all the complete details so that it can be well accepted by the readers. The sustainability report of Telstra will be beneficial for other organizations to improve their performance and engage large number of stakeholders with their service. Further, the report of McKinsey Quarterly will be effective large number of business houses to build effective business strategy and get help from the points mentioned by the professors. Therefore, it can be concluded that both the report consider on their limitation then a perfect report can be gained. References Bloor, M., and Bloor, T. (2013). The practice of critical discourse analysis: An introduction. Routledge. Bovee, C. V., and Thill, J. V. (2013). Business Communication Essentials 6th edition. Prentice Hall. Brutus, S., Aguinis, H., and Wassmer, U. (2013). Self-Reported Limitations and Future Directions in Scholarly Reports Analysis and Recommendations. Journal of Management, 39(1), 48-75. Dandira, M. (2012). Dysfunctional leadership: organizational cancer. Business Strategy Series, 13(4), pp.187-192. Farley, H. and Smith, Z. (2012). PERSPECTIVES FROM THE FIELD: Sustainability: Guiding Principle or Broken Compass?. Env Prac, 14(01), pp.85-86. Gibb, A., Haskins, G., and Robertson, I. (2013). Leading the entrepreneurial university: Meeting the entrepreneurial development needs of higher education institutions. In Universities in Change (pp. 9-45). Springer New York. Hahn, R., and Khnen, M. (2013). Determinants of sustainability reporting: A review of results, trends, theory, and opportunities in an expanding field of research. Journal of cleaner production, 59, 5-21. Harzing, A. W., Reiche, B. S., and Pudelko, M. (2013). Challenges in international survey research: a review with illustrations and suggested solutions for best practice. European Journal of International Management,7(1), 112-134. Kaufman, B. (2012). Anatomy of dysfunctional working relationships. Business Strategy Series, 13(2), pp.102-106. Keyton, J., Caputo, J. M., Ford, E. A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S. A., Liu, T., ... and Wu, C. (2013). Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors.Journal of Business Communication, 0021943612474990. Lang, D., Wiek, A., Bergmann, M., Stauffacher, M., Martens, P., Moll, P., Swilling, M. and Thomas, C. (2012). Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: practice, principles, and challenges. Sustainability Science, 7(S1), pp.25-43. Lazo-Flores, T. (2012). Grading Green: Strands of Sustainability Theory and Practice in Interior Design Courses. Sustainability: The Journal of Record, 5(5), pp.323-330. Marren, P. (2012). The devil's dictionary of business strategy, volume II. Journal of Business Strategy, 33(6), pp.47-49. Mingers, J., and Willmott, H. (2013). Taylorizing business school research: On the one best wayperformative effects of journal ranking lists. Human Relations, 66(8), 1051-1073. MUROS, J. (2012). Going After the Green: Expanding Industrial-Organizational Practice to Include Environmental Sustainability. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5(4), pp.467-472. Schmitz, C., Matyk, T., Sloan, L. and James, C. (2011). The relationship between social work and environmental sustainability: Implications for interdisciplinary practice. International Journal of Social Welfare, 21(3), pp.278-286. Servaes, J., Polk, E., Shi, S., Reilly, D. and Yakupitijage, T. (2012). Sustainability testing for development projects. Development in Practice, 22(1), pp.18-30. Slawinska, K., and Villani, C. S. (2014). Gaining and strengthening'soft skills' for employment. Thill, J. V., and Bove, C. L. (2013). Excellence in business communication. R. B. Chatterjee, and K. Subramanian (Eds.). Pearson.

Telstra Australian Telecommunication information organization and McKi

Question: Compare and critically review two business reports of Telstra Australian Telecommunication information organization and McKinsey Quarterly. Answer: Introduction The business report are evaluated for breaking the information provided on the basis of rationale, important key aspects, techniques and further findings or conclusion of the proposed report. Moreover, any un-discussed facts can be identified that are mentioned in the report. In the current report, sustainability aspects of Telstra which is an Australian Telecommunication information organization will be discussed. On the other hand, business strategy will be highlighted which is proposed by McKinsey Quarterly. Therefore, all the relevant aspects will be reviewed in order to understand the feasibility of the report published by the organizations to know whether it is fulfilling its purpose or not. Summary and Analysis of the Report Content Analytical Summary of main findings The main purpose of the report of Telstra was to bequeath with the information relating to issue of sustainability towards the industry which will be effective for the business to make investment decision. The report has been developed following the standards of industry and sustainability such as Global Reporting Initiative G3 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, UN Global Compact Communication on Progress and Account Abilitys AA100 Principles Standard 2008 and Telecommunications Sector Supplement. On the other hand, sustainability scorecard section discusses about the major performance indicators score gained in 2012-2013. Therefore, the scores have been compared with last two period performances. Further, the sustainability section explained the steps adopted for performing the business in ethical way in order to develop more effective work environment and provide more efficient service to customers. Moreover, the company made commitments to majorly focus on the aspects of sustainability. Therefore, in commitment and approach part, all the important commitments formulated at start of 2012-2013 were outlined in lieu with the approaches adopted to attain it. On the other hand, it has been understood that environmental leadership, employee involvement and linking each strategy are the major center which will help in developing a value for the company and for stakeholders too. Moreover, the engagement of shareholders explains about the major stakeholders associated with Telstra. The stakeholders are customers, government, employees, Australian Communities, industry, suppliers, union and media. Further, the key issue part discusses about process for prioritizing aspect of sustaina bility and challenges possessed by organization. The initiative relating to voluntary assurance and sustainability policy has been mentioned in transparency and accountability part. In the case of McKinsey Quarterly, the first heading of the report discuss about the changes in the business strategy that has been studied over the years. Moreover, the framework of strategy has been mentioned and the way the industries are diversifying their strategy to match up the environmental or market changes. On the other hand, what are the expectations of the industries from the strategy has been outlined so that it can provide large benefit to the business and personally. Apart from that, social side relating to strategy has been outlined which focus on the importance of non-rational issues in planning the strategy. Therefore, this particular report revolves around the strategies in order to align and organize the business and gain higher benefit from the market and getting competitive advantage over other business. Strengths and usefulness of report A sustainability report will turn effective if the report comprises sustainability performances in regards to negative and positive inputs of the reporting institution over the specific period (Bovee and Thill, 2013). Therefore, in case of Telstra report provides all relevant information about their commitments and approach adopted by them to attain commitments. Moreover, they also mentioned the top priorities and problems they faced last year. Therefore, it can be mentioned that report provides balanced information which be taken as strengths of report. Further, the report included all the materiality aspects along with environmental sustainability, innovation and product use, community involvement, stakeholder engagement, etc. On the other hand, in context to priorities, involvement of employee in report was one top priority of Telstra. Moreover, the environmental leadership and building connection with other individual Australian is other priority to be sustainable. The report of Telstra has included the major industry standard and sustainability standard to meet their goals. Therefore, all the above mentioned points are strength of the sustainability report presented by the Telstra. Apart from that, the building a strategy report requires mentioning all the relevant information to largely benefit the company or individual. The report of McKinsey Quarterly effectively mentioned the phases of changes in the strategies that took place over the years. Moreover, the report discussed the importance of tools and frameworks for the leaders to formulate the winning strategies. The different industries example has been outlined to provide understanding of the adopted strategy and changes in the followed up strategy. Therefore, it helps in clear insight of the strategies and understanding the importance of building strong strategies for future as well as current benefit (Kaufman, 2012). On the other hand, the number of professor has pointed their thoughts regarding strategy frameworks for meeting the environment changes by adopting advanced tools and frameworks. The importance of Michael Porters five forces has been mentioned in the report so that readers can focus on it b efore formulating strategies. Apart from that, role of globalization, urbanization, technologies, etc has significant impact on strategy change. Therefore, it has been clearly outlined in the report. Thus, the all above discussed points are major strengths of the report and need for strategy and development of new framework is valuable for the business growth. Weakness or limitations of the report The sustainability report issued by Telstra includes certain strengths but there are some limitations which arise in the report. The sustainability report that is published by Telstra involved the aspects of stakeholder engagement but the report only mentioned the stakeholders that are associated with the organization. The report fails in explaining the procedure for engaging the different stakeholders within the activities of the company. On the other hand, the report did not provided sufficient information to have a clear understanding regarding the perspective of the each stakeholder within the operation of organization. Therefore, it can be discussed that from the viewpoint of the external individual that sustainability report is less feasible for them (Harzing et al. 2013). Apart from that, the sustainability report did not supply enough information in context to distribution channel and in utilization by the end consumers. Furthermore, the Telstra sustainability report did not highlighted effectively on the issues relating to social responsibility. Therefore, it can be considered that due to such limitation the report lacks some feasibility. Apart from the report of Telstra, the report of McKinsey Quarterly holds strengths along with some weaknesses which limit the acceptability of the report to some extent. The report mentioned about the strategy practice but it did not explained in brief manner to have clear understanding that what strategy practice should be adopted to gain higher benefit (Farley and Smith, 2012). On the other hand, the report is not arranged effectively which is difficult to have effective insight of the report. Apart from that the view from the different professors are not aligned which makes difficult to understand what they are saying. The report mentioned about the frameworks and core concepts of strategy but it did not provide any example so that better view or knowledge can be gained from it. Moreover, the report talks about the business strategy but there is no mentioned about the process of developing an effective strategy. Therefore, the above mentioned points are some limitations that are a ssociated with the report of McKinsey Quarterly. Conclusion From the whole report, it can be understood that preparing a report is critical task. The sustainability report of Telstra has been prepared by following the standard of industry along with the standard of sustainability. On the other hand, the different components have been outlined in the particular report in order to explore the sustainability aspect of the company in long term. Apart from that, report of McKinsey Quarterly discuss about the business strategy and its transformation over the time in the organizations. The report involved number of professors to present their viewpoint about the strategy and frameworks for the strategy. Both the provided report includes strength as well as some limitations which tell about their feasibility. Apart from that, overall material in both the reports provided effective information whether it is related to sustainable practice or business strategy practice. The report provided valuable information to the users of report and they can make d ecision on the basis of report. Moreover, the limitation associated in the both the report can be addressed easily as they are not a great issue. Therefore, the report publishing organizations has to provide all the complete details so that it can be well accepted by the readers. The sustainability report of Telstra will be beneficial for other organizations to improve their performance and engage large number of stakeholders with their service. Further, the report of McKinsey Quarterly will be effective large number of business houses to build effective business strategy and get help from the points mentioned by the professors. Therefore, it can be concluded that both the report consider on their limitation then a perfect report can be gained. References Bloor, M., and Bloor, T. (2013). The practice of critical discourse analysis: An introduction. Routledge. Bovee, C. V., and Thill, J. V. (2013). Business Communication Essentials 6th edition. Prentice Hall. Brutus, S., Aguinis, H., and Wassmer, U. (2013). Self-Reported Limitations and Future Directions in Scholarly Reports Analysis and Recommendations. Journal of Management, 39(1), 48-75. Dandira, M. (2012). Dysfunctional leadership: organizational cancer. Business Strategy Series, 13(4), pp.187-192. Farley, H. and Smith, Z. (2012). PERSPECTIVES FROM THE FIELD: Sustainability: Guiding Principle or Broken Compass?. Env Prac, 14(01), pp.85-86. Gibb, A., Haskins, G., and Robertson, I. (2013). Leading the entrepreneurial university: Meeting the entrepreneurial development needs of higher education institutions. In Universities in Change (pp. 9-45). Springer New York. Hahn, R., and Khnen, M. (2013). Determinants of sustainability reporting: A review of results, trends, theory, and opportunities in an expanding field of research. Journal of cleaner production, 59, 5-21. Harzing, A. W., Reiche, B. S., and Pudelko, M. (2013). Challenges in international survey research: a review with illustrations and suggested solutions for best practice. European Journal of International Management,7(1), 112-134. Kaufman, B. (2012). Anatomy of dysfunctional working relationships. Business Strategy Series, 13(2), pp.102-106. Keyton, J., Caputo, J. M., Ford, E. A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S. A., Liu, T., ... and Wu, C. (2013). Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors.Journal of Business Communication, 0021943612474990. Lang, D., Wiek, A., Bergmann, M., Stauffacher, M., Martens, P., Moll, P., Swilling, M. and Thomas, C. (2012). Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: practice, principles, and challenges. Sustainability Science, 7(S1), pp.25-43. Lazo-Flores, T. (2012). Grading Green: Strands of Sustainability Theory and Practice in Interior Design Courses. Sustainability: The Journal of Record, 5(5), pp.323-330. Marren, P. (2012). The devil's dictionary of business strategy, volume II. Journal of Business Strategy, 33(6), pp.47-49. Mingers, J., and Willmott, H. (2013). Taylorizing business school research: On the one best wayperformative effects of journal ranking lists. Human Relations, 66(8), 1051-1073. MUROS, J. (2012). Going After the Green: Expanding Industrial-Organizational Practice to Include Environmental Sustainability. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5(4), pp.467-472. Schmitz, C., Matyk, T., Sloan, L. and James, C. (2011). The relationship between social work and environmental sustainability: Implications for interdisciplinary practice. International Journal of Social Welfare, 21(3), pp.278-286. Servaes, J., Polk, E., Shi, S., Reilly, D. and Yakupitijage, T. (2012). Sustainability testing for development projects. Development in Practice, 22(1), pp.18-30. Slawinska, K., and Villani, C. S. (2014). Gaining and strengthening'soft skills' for employment. Thill, J. V., and Bove, C. L. (2013). Excellence in business communication. R. B. Chatterjee, and K. Subramanian (Eds.). Pearson.